Highlights
- •Three-dimensional (3D) modeling of orthodontic dental casts can be accomplished by smartphone-based stereophotogrammetry.
- •The accuracy of virtual orthodontic dental casts produced by smartphone-based stereophotogrammetry was about 0.34 mm, and the error of repeated 3D models using this method was 0.03 mm.
- •Stereophotogrammetry using smartphone devices is a simple and low-cost technology for the 3D modeling of orthodontic dental casts.
- •This method is a helpful low-cost tool for the digital archiving of dental casts, eliminating physical storage shortcomings, such as broken models and space requirements.
ABSTRACT
Background
The development of intraoral scanning technology has effectively enhanced the digital
documentation of orthodontic dental casts. Albeit, the expense of this technology
is the main limitation.
The purpose of the present study was to assess the validity and reliability of virtual
three-dimensional (3D) models of orthodontic dental casts, which were constructed
using smartphone-based 3D photogrammetry.
Methods
A smartphone was used to capture a set of two-dimensional images for 30 orthodontic
dental casts. The captured images were processed to construct 3D virtual images using
Agisoft and 3DF Zephyr software programs. To evaluate the accuracy of the virtual
3D models obtained by the two software programs, the virtual 3D models were compared
with cone-beam computed tomography scans of the 30 dental casts. Colored maps were
used to express the absolute distances between the points of each compared two surfaces;
then, the means of the 100%, 95th, and 90th of the absolute distances were calculated.
A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was applied to detect any significant differences.
Results
The differences between the constructed 3D images and the cone-beam computed tomography
scans were not statistically significant and were accepted clinically. The deviations
were mostly in the interproximal areas and in the occlusal details (sharp cusps and
deep pits and fissures).
Conclusions
This study found that smartphone-based stereophotogrammetry is an accurate and reliable
method for 3D modeling of orthodontic dental casts, with errors less than the accepted
clinically detectable error of 0.5 mm. Smartphone photogrammetry succeeded in presenting
occlusal details, but it was difficult to accurately reproduce interproximal areas.
Graphical abstract
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: December 16, 2022
Accepted:
November 18,
2022
Received in revised form:
October 10,
2022
Received:
August 15,
2022
Footnotes
Funding: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant number 82000996.
Competing interests: Authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. None declared.
Provenance and peer review: Non-commissioned and externally peer reviewed.
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 World Federation of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
