Highlights
- •Similar to the bone, condylar cartilage responds and adapts to dynamic loading in vivo.
- •High frequency, low-magnitude load applied through the mandibular molars increases mesenchymal cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation in the condylar cartilage.
- •Dynamic loading stimulates the expression of both chondrogenic and osteogenic markers in condyles.
- •Dynamic loading increases endochondral bone formation and bone density of the condylar process.
- •In response to dynamic load the condylar process lengths.
- •This effect might help regenerate condylar cartilage and enhance or facilitate the correction of mandibular deficiencies when combined with orthopedic appliances.
ABSTRACT
Background
We and others have reported that low-magnitude high-frequency dynamic loading has
an osteogenic effect on alveolar bone. Since chondrocytes and osteoblasts originate
from the same progenitor cells, we reasoned that dynamic loading may stimulate a similar
response in chondrocytes. A stimulating effect could be beneficial for patients with
damaged condylar cartilage or mandibular deficiency.
Methods
Studies were conducted on growing Sprague-Dawley rats divided into three groups: control,
static load, and dynamic load. The dynamic load group received a dynamic load on the
lower right molars 5 minutes per day with a 0.3 g acceleration and peak strain of
30 με registered by accelerometer and strain gauge. The static load group received
an equivalent magnitude of static force (30 με). The control group did not receive
any treatment. Samples were collected at days 0, 28, and 56 for reverse transcriptase
polymerase chain reaction analysis, microcomputed tomography, and histology and fluorescent
microscopy analysis.
Results
Our experiments showed that dynamic loading had a striking effect on condylar cartilage,
increasing the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes,
and promoting chondrocyte maturation. This effect was accompanied by increased endochondral
bone formation resulting in lengthening of the condylar process.
Conclusions
Low-magnitude, high-frequency dynamic loading can have a positive effect on condylar
cartilage and endochondral bone formation in vivo. This effect has the potential to
be used as a treatment for regenerating condylar cartilage and to enhance the effect
of orthopedic appliances on mandibular growth.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: September 22, 2022
Accepted:
August 21,
2022
Received in revised form:
August 21,
2022
Received:
July 29,
2022
Footnotes
Funding: All work described in this manuscript was supported by funds from CTOR, Consortium for Translational Orthodontics Research, Hoboken, New Jersey.
Competing interests: Authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. None declared.
Provenance and peer review: Non-commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 World Federation of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
